They can also be pasted into a syntax file using the "paste" button present in each menu. The pull-down menu interface also generates command syntax: this can be displayed in the output, although the default settings have to be changed to make the syntax visible to the user. Additionally, some complex applications can only be programmed in syntax and are not accessible through the menu structure. Command syntax programming has the benefits of reproducible output, simplifying repetitive tasks, and handling complex data manipulations and analyses. The many features of SPSS Statistics are accessible via pull-down menus or can be programmed with a proprietary 4GL command syntax language. In addition to statistical analysis, data management (case selection, file reshaping, creating derived data) and data documentation (a metadata dictionary is stored in the datafile) are features of the base software.
#SPSS 21 SYNTAX CHEAT SHEET MANUAL#
The original SPSS manual (Nie, Bent & Hull, 1970) has been described as one of "sociology's most influential books" for allowing ordinary researchers to do their own statistical analysis. It is also used by market researchers, health researchers, survey companies, government, education researchers, marketing organizations, data miners, and others. SPSS is a widely used program for statistical analysis in social science.
Multiple independent variables can be assessed using the General Linear Model or Regression modules. Two variables or a categorical variable with two levels can be compared using a T-test or a One-way ANOVA.Ī categorical variable with more than two levels can be assessed using a One-way ANOVA, a General Linear Model, or a Regression. One variable can be compared to some value using a one sample T test. The important factor being that the scores across the different levels of the IV are correlated as they were produced by the same person or similar people.Īppropriate analyses for between subjects designs are limited to: Statistically, matched or paired designs are the same as within subjects or repeated measures designs. In these designs participants are exposed to all of the levels of the IV. Within subjects and repeated measures are synonymous terms. If the above is true, but participants in one condition of the IV were paired (or matched) with similar participants in another condition of the IV then the design is matched. In a between subjects design the participant is only involved in one level of the IV.Īppropriate analyses for between subjects designs include ANYTHING BUT: or read about analysis options in SPSS or formatting the data sheet. Is your research question or hypothesis directional or just differential?
Is the design between subjects, within subjects, repeated measures, orĭo you have one, two, or more than than two independent variables?ĭo you have more than one dependent variable? Below are some questions about your design that may be relevant to selecting an appropriate analysis:
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